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Effect of Kaleidoscope on Pain Perception of Children Aged 4-6 Years During Intravenous Cannulation

Received: 14 May 2018     Accepted: 30 May 2018     Published: 25 June 2018
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Abstract

Management of children’s health includes medical procedures that may be painful or stressful to the child. Yet, despite extensive research findings, policy guidelines and practice, standard recommendations for optimal management of pediatric pain, clinical practices remain inadequate. Hence the investigator conducted a study to assess the effect of distraction method like kaleidoscope in managing pain in children during procedure like intravenous cannulation. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of kaleidoscope on pain perception of children aged 4 -6 years during intravenous cannulation. The research approach adopted for this study was true experimental and the design was post test only control group design. The study was conducted in Upasana hospital, Kollam among 30 children aged 4 – 6 years who were admitted in the pediatric ward, with 15 children each in experimental and control group. After obtaining consent from caregivers, demographic data was collected and physiological parameters like heart rate and SPO2 were measured using pulse oximeter, five minutes prior to the cannulation. The children in the experimental group were introduced to kaleidoscope before the cannulation and were told to look through it during the procedure. During cannulation, the objective pain was assessed by using FLACC scale and the physiological parameters were again measured. Five minutes after the procedure, the children were asked to explain the pain during cannulation using Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating scale. The mean pain scores of experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between pain scores and variability in heart rate (r=0.93 according to FLACC scale & r=0.85 according to WBFPRS) and SPO2 (r= 0.93 according to FLACC scale & r=0.86 according to WBFPRS) of children during intravenous cannulation. To sum up, the kaleidoscope was shown to be effective in managing pain in children aged 4-6 years, during intravenous cannulation. So distraction can be used effectively in pain management of children.

Published in American Journal of Nursing Science (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14
Page(s) 137-142
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Effect, Kaleidoscope, Pain, Perception, Children Aged 4-6 Years, Intravenous Cannulation

References
[1] Srouji R. Ratnapalan S. & Schneeweiss S. Pain in children: Assessment and nonpharmacological management. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2010, (2010) 10-21
[2] Potter P. A. & Perry A. G. Fundamentals of nursing, Missouri: Mosby, 2015. P. 1228-1270.
[3] Tufekci et al. Turkish children loved distraction: using kaleidoscope to reduce perceived pain during venepuncture. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2006, (18) 2180–2186.
[4] Hockenberry M. J. Wilson D. Essentials of Pediatric Nursing, Missouri: Mosby. 2009. p.159-191.
[5] Vessey et al. Cognitive behavior therapy for children and families. 2005, p.429.
[6] Fillingim R. B. et al. Sex, gender and pain: A review of recent clinical and experimental findings. Journal of pain, 2009, (10) 447-485.
[7] Kozier B et al. Fundamentals of nursing – Concepts, process & practices, Singapore: Pearson, 2015. P.1132-1166.
[8] Nilsson S. et al. Children’s experiences of procedural pain management in conjunction with trauma wound dressing. Journal of advanced nursing. 2011, (67) 1449-1457.
[9] Himali Raj Prajapati. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Kaleidoscope in Reducing Physical Stress during Venipuncture Procedure among Hospitalized Pre-School Children at Selected Hospital of Ahmadabad City, Gujarat State. Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2018; 6(1):44-46.
[10] Unknown author. A study to assess the effectiveness of kaleidoscope on pain and behavioral responses among children (4-10years) during iv cannulation in selected hospital, coimbatore. October 2014. repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/3145/1/3002154301216104Kallu%20Das.pdf
[11] Becky Hix. Using distraction to reduce vene puncture pain and distress in school aged children: the role of the parents’, nurses’and the child’s voice: a review of the literature. 2014. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ece8/1c85e70aacba9308ffe6a1a0027bb7f68ab7.pdf
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  • APA Style

    Dipeesh Kunjumon, Vinil Upendrababu. (2018). Effect of Kaleidoscope on Pain Perception of Children Aged 4-6 Years During Intravenous Cannulation. American Journal of Nursing Science, 7(4), 137-142. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14

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    ACS Style

    Dipeesh Kunjumon; Vinil Upendrababu. Effect of Kaleidoscope on Pain Perception of Children Aged 4-6 Years During Intravenous Cannulation. Am. J. Nurs. Sci. 2018, 7(4), 137-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14

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    AMA Style

    Dipeesh Kunjumon, Vinil Upendrababu. Effect of Kaleidoscope on Pain Perception of Children Aged 4-6 Years During Intravenous Cannulation. Am J Nurs Sci. 2018;7(4):137-142. doi: 10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14,
      author = {Dipeesh Kunjumon and Vinil Upendrababu},
      title = {Effect of Kaleidoscope on Pain Perception of Children Aged 4-6 Years During Intravenous Cannulation},
      journal = {American Journal of Nursing Science},
      volume = {7},
      number = {4},
      pages = {137-142},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajns.20180704.14},
      abstract = {Management of children’s health includes medical procedures that may be painful or stressful to the child. Yet, despite extensive research findings, policy guidelines and practice, standard recommendations for optimal management of pediatric pain, clinical practices remain inadequate. Hence the investigator conducted a study to assess the effect of distraction method like kaleidoscope in managing pain in children during procedure like intravenous cannulation. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of kaleidoscope on pain perception of children aged 4 -6 years during intravenous cannulation. The research approach adopted for this study was true experimental and the design was post test only control group design. The study was conducted in Upasana hospital, Kollam among 30 children aged 4 – 6 years who were admitted in the pediatric ward, with 15 children each in experimental and control group. After obtaining consent from caregivers, demographic data was collected and physiological parameters like heart rate and SPO2 were measured using pulse oximeter, five minutes prior to the cannulation. The children in the experimental group were introduced to kaleidoscope before the cannulation and were told to look through it during the procedure. During cannulation, the objective pain was assessed by using FLACC scale and the physiological parameters were again measured. Five minutes after the procedure, the children were asked to explain the pain during cannulation using Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating scale. The mean pain scores of experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group (p2 (r= 0.93 according to FLACC scale & r=0.86 according to WBFPRS) of children during intravenous cannulation. To sum up, the kaleidoscope was shown to be effective in managing pain in children aged 4-6 years, during intravenous cannulation. So distraction can be used effectively in pain management of children.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Effect of Kaleidoscope on Pain Perception of Children Aged 4-6 Years During Intravenous Cannulation
    AU  - Dipeesh Kunjumon
    AU  - Vinil Upendrababu
    Y1  - 2018/06/25
    PY  - 2018
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14
    T2  - American Journal of Nursing Science
    JF  - American Journal of Nursing Science
    JO  - American Journal of Nursing Science
    SP  - 137
    EP  - 142
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5753
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20180704.14
    AB  - Management of children’s health includes medical procedures that may be painful or stressful to the child. Yet, despite extensive research findings, policy guidelines and practice, standard recommendations for optimal management of pediatric pain, clinical practices remain inadequate. Hence the investigator conducted a study to assess the effect of distraction method like kaleidoscope in managing pain in children during procedure like intravenous cannulation. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of kaleidoscope on pain perception of children aged 4 -6 years during intravenous cannulation. The research approach adopted for this study was true experimental and the design was post test only control group design. The study was conducted in Upasana hospital, Kollam among 30 children aged 4 – 6 years who were admitted in the pediatric ward, with 15 children each in experimental and control group. After obtaining consent from caregivers, demographic data was collected and physiological parameters like heart rate and SPO2 were measured using pulse oximeter, five minutes prior to the cannulation. The children in the experimental group were introduced to kaleidoscope before the cannulation and were told to look through it during the procedure. During cannulation, the objective pain was assessed by using FLACC scale and the physiological parameters were again measured. Five minutes after the procedure, the children were asked to explain the pain during cannulation using Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating scale. The mean pain scores of experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group (p2 (r= 0.93 according to FLACC scale & r=0.86 according to WBFPRS) of children during intravenous cannulation. To sum up, the kaleidoscope was shown to be effective in managing pain in children aged 4-6 years, during intravenous cannulation. So distraction can be used effectively in pain management of children.
    VL  - 7
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Nursing, North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough, United Kingdom

  • Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia

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